THE APARTHEID POLICY IN SOUTH AFRICA
Apartheid to Democracy in South Africa
What is Apartheid?
Apartheid, an Afrikaans word meaning “apartness,” describes an ideology of racial segregation that served as the basis for white domination of the South African state from 1948 to 1994. Apartheid was the codification of the racial segregation that had been practiced in South Africa from the time of the Cape Colony’s founding by the Dutch East India Company in 1652. Its emergence in 1948 was antithetical to the decolonization process begun in sub-Saharan Africa after World War II. Widely perceived internationally as one of the most abhorrent human rights issues from the 1970s to the 1990s, apartheid conjured up images of white privilege and black marginalization implemented by a police state that strictly enforced black subordination.
1. Informal Settlements
Pictured here is Crossroads, one of the larger informal settlements, or townships, outside of Cape Town, South Africa. Despite the poor conditions of informal settlements, there were significant advantages, such as employment and access to health services, to be gained from living near large towns and cities. The incentive to live in places like Crossroads was immense.
Mandela! : Struggle and Triumph, 2008.
2. Bantu Education
The Bantu educational system was designed to “train and fit” black Africans for their role—laborer, worker, servant—in the evolving apartheid society. This page shows segregated classrooms, which were in existence long before the Bantu Education Act was passed in 1953. The Bantu Education Act was about more than segregating classrooms, it prescribed an inferior education for black African children.
Why Are They Weeping, 1988.
3. Racial Discrimination
With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including a prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, the sanctioning of “white-only” jobs, and the separation of public space, such as the bridge seen here on this cover. In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or coloured (of mixed decent). The coloured category included major subgroups of Indians and Asians. Classification into these categories was based on appearance, social acceptance, and family lineage.
Apartheid: The South African Mirror, 2007.
4. Repression and Violence
As unrest spread and became more effective and militarized, state organizations responded with repression and violence. The system of racial segregation was implemented and enforced by a large number of acts and laws, which served to institutionalize racial discrimination and the dominance of white people. While the bulk of this legislation was enacted after the election of the National Party government in 1948, it was preceded by discriminatory legislation enacted under earlier British and Afrikaner governments.
Apartheid: Calibrations of Color, 1991.
5.1 Homelands
The policy of separate development sought to assign every black African to a “homeland” according to their ethnic identity. Ten homelands were created to rid South Africa of its black citizens, opening the way for mass forced removals. In the 1970s, the government granted “independence” to South Africa’s black homelands, which served as an excuse to deny all Africans political rights in South Africa.
Divide and Rule: South Africa’s Bantustands, 1980
5.2 Bantustans
This map illustrates the insidious and capricious nature of the Bantustand policy, which required all black Africans to live in a designated area. The Bantustans were rural, impoverished, under-industrialized, and reliant on subsidies from the South African government. Because insufficient land had been allocated, the Bantustans were densely populated.
Map
6. Colonialism of a Special Type
Up until the 20th century, the western model of colonialism was that of the British Empire: many geographic areas run from the Colonial Office in London. That definition did not apply to South Africa. The phrase “Colonialism of a Special Type” was coined by liberal author Leo Marquard in 1957 to describe a colony which ruled over another people within a single territory.
Apartheid South Africa: Colonialism of a Special Type, 1980s
7. Political Banning
Steve Biko (pictured here), a prominent anti-apartheid activist, was among the more than 1,600 men and women banned by the South African government between 1948 and 1990. Banned persons endured severe restrictions on their movement, political activities, and associations. The banning of political opponents, along with other more severe forms of repression, such as indefinite detention, imprisonment, torture, and political assassination, were weapons the apartheid government used against the liberation movement.
Contact Series, 1973.
8. Poverty and Inequality
Apartheid’s legacy to the democratic South Africa included highly visible poverty and inequality. Under apartheid, to be born black meant to be born into poverty, injustice and inequality.
Apartheid – The Road to Poverty, 1959
The Anti-Apartheid Movement
The anti-apartheid movement began in the 1950s and continued to ebb and flow until the late 1970s and early 1980s when it gained serious momentum and international attention. All facets of South African society —women, students, trade unions, clergy— participated in protests against the apartheid regime. Popular uprisings and protests were met with banning and imprisoning of anti-apartheid leaders. As unrest spread and became more effective and militarized, the state responded with repression and violence. Along with the sanctions placed on South Africa by the international community, the effective organization of the opposition made it increasingly difficult for the government to maintain the regime.
1. The UN Condemns Apartheid
On November 6, 1962, the United Nations formally condemned apartheid in South Africa. Adopted 52 years ago today, UN General Assembly Resolution 1761 implored member nations to halt all diplomatic, military, and economic relations with South Africa, stating that the country’s racial policy “seriously endangers international peace and security.”
Apartheid in the Republic of South Africa: Bantustans, Boycotts, UN action, 1964.
2.1 Divestment Campaigns
A growing international campaign began in the late 1970s and continued into the 80s to push for economic sanctions against and divestment from South Africa. The movement was especially vibrant on college campuses across America, where hundreds and sometimes thousands defied campus police and faced arrest to call for an end to apartheid. This brochure was one of many distributed to call attention to the numerous American corporations with interests in South Africa.
Trade Marks of Apartheid, c. 1980s.
See also Chapter 2: Northwestern, Chicago, and Apartheid
2.2 US Corporations in South Africa
During the apartheid era there were close to 200 U.S. corporations doing business in South Africa, such as Ford Motor Company, IBM, Shell, and Kodak.
US corporations
3. The International Anti-Apartheid Movement
The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) was a large and influential organization based in London that worked to end apartheid in South Africa. This brochure is an example of the literature distributed internationally to promote their work. The AAM was one of many international groups, including TansAfrica in the United States, which worked to draw attention to the plight of South Africans.
Apartheid: a Threat to Peace, 1976.
4. Women’s Anti Pass Law Campaigns in South Africa
On August 9, 1956, twenty-thousand women, representing all racial backgrounds, came from all over South Africa to march on the Union Buildings, where they stood in silent protest for 30 minutes while petitions with one-hundred thousand signatures were delivered to the Prime Minister’s office. Although the law was not struck down immediately, the gathering was a pivotal moment for women in the struggle for freedom.
The Women’s Freedom March of 1956, 2006.
5. Art and Activism
The untitled (1974) piece by Motsusi and the Soweto Young Musicians by Eric Mbatha (pictured here) was one of many pieces created by artists in South Africa and abroad giving voice to the anti-apartheid movement. Visual art, music, theater, poetry, and literature all played a very important role as outlets for expressing dissenting views. During the apartheid years, works by black artists and artists critical of the regime were banned. Many artists fled the country and continued to work in exile.
Home & Away: A Return to the South, 2010.
6. Student Protest
In 1976, a student-led protest in Soweto (pictured) galvanized the entire country and invigorated the anti-apartheid movement nation-wide. Protests by school children became frequent, including two major urban school boycotts in 1980 and 1983 (pictured), involving black, Indian, and coloured children. In all of these areas, schools were closed and thousands of students, teachers and parents were arrested or went into exile. These closings effected an entire generation of students by cutting short their formal education.
A Rainbow in the Night: The Tumultuous Birth of South Africa, 2009.
7. Black Theology
Black theologians created South African Black theology during the late 1960s and early 1970s as a conscious and theological dimension of the liberation struggle against apartheid. They drew inspiration from African-American theology, biblical hermeneutics and the raw material of their own experiences and suffering, whilst simultaneously creating a new theological paradigm and political orientation to liberate Black South Africans from apartheid and European domination. Inevitably, South African Black theology was a liberation theology aimed at helping to eradicate the existing socio-political order.
Black and Reformed: Apartheid, Liberation and the Calvinist Tradition, 1984.
8. Trade Union Movement
1973 was the beginning of labor activism against apartheid. When Black workers in Durban, South Africa embarked on a wave of strikes in January 1973, the government and employers were caught off guard and were unsuccessful in placating a rapidly growing militant work force. In the end, they gave in to the workers’ demands. This resurgence of union activity would culminate in the formation of massive trade union federations that helped dismantle apartheid by the late 1980s.
Industrial Unrest in South Africa, 1973.
9. Artists United Against Apartheid
Artists United Against Apartheid was a 1985 collaboration founded by activist and performer Steven Van Zandt and record producer Arthur Baker to protest apartheid in South Africa. In addition to recording “Sun City” in 1985, members of Artists United Against Apartheid declared they would refuse all offers to perform at Sun City, a resort located in the Bantustan of Bophuthatswana, one of a number of internationally unrecognized “independent” states created by the South African government to forcibly relocate its black population.
Sun City, 1985
10. Anti-Apartheid Pins and Keychain
In the 1980s, Chicago had a vibrant anti-apartheid community. To show solidarity, Chicago area supporters created and distributed materials to raise awareness of the plight of Black South Africans.
Transition to Democracy
South Africa’s successful struggle for freedom and democracy is one of the most dramatic stories of the late 20th century. The racial tyranny of apartheid ended with a negotiated transition to a non-racial democracy, but not without considerable personal cost to thousands of men, women, and young people who were involved. The lasting popular image of South Africa’s transition from apartheid is of a “miracle” that enabled the country to achieve a peaceful shift to democracy under the leadership of Nelson Mandela.
1. Government of National Unity
President Nelson Mandela and former president F.W. de Klerk (pictured) were leaders of opposing parties during the 1994 election. Once Mandela won the presidency, he invited de Klerk to join him in leading their parties, the African National Congress and the National Party, along with the Inkatha Freedom Party, to come together to form the Government of National Unity.
Images of Change, 1995.
2. Reconstruction and Development
The African National Congress-led Government embarked on a program to promote the reconstruction and development of the country and its institutions. The Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP) aimed at addressing the many social and economic problems facing the country. The RDP recognized that the problems facing the people—lack of housing, a shortage of jobs, inadequate education and health care, a failing economy—were connected. It proposed job creation through public works — the building of houses and provision of services would be done in a way that created employment.
Fragile Freedom: South African Democracy 1994-2004, 2008
3. One Nation, One Country
On Feb. 11, 1990, Nelson Mandela, the leader of the movement to end South African apartheid, was released from prison after 27 years in captivity. Upon his release he addressed a rally in Cape Town. He said, “Today the majority of South Africans, black and white, recognize that apartheid has no future. It has to be ended by our own decisive mass action in order to build peace and security. The mass campaign of defiance and other actions of our organization and people can only culminate in the establishment of democracy.”
One Nation, One Country, 1990.
4. A Time to Build
Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first black president after more than three centuries of white rule. In his inauguration address he asserts:
“The time for the healing of the wounds has come. The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has come. The time to build is upon us. We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination. We succeeded in taking our steps of freedom in conditions of relative peace. We commit ourselves to the construction of a complete, just and lasting peace.”
A Time to Build, 1994.
5. Post-Apartheid South Africa
In today’s South Africa, despite a growing economy, poverty, unemployment, income inequality, life expectancy, land ownership, and educational achievement have worsened since the end of apartheid and the election of the African National Congress. The end of the apartheid system in South Africa left the country with an increasing socio-economic divide along racial lines. Subsequent government policies have sought to correct the imbalances through state intervention.
Is This Really What We Fought For? : White Rule Ends, Black Poverty Goes On, 1997.
6. Sports as a Unifying Force
In 1995, South Africa’s rugby team won the Rugby World Cup. Rugby had previously been regarded as a sport exclusively reserved for white Afrikaners, but Mandela sought to present the Springbok team as a unifying force for South Africa. The victory of the Springboks was a transformative event in South African society, proving that sport can bring a nation together.
Nation Building at Play: Sports as a Tool for Social Integration in Post-apartheid South Africa, 2003.
7. The Freedom Charter
The 1955 Freedom Charter is an important historical document that served as a framework for the anti-apartheid struggle listing the demands and desires of the people of South Africa. The Freedom Charter was the statement of core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress and its allies – the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People’s Congress. It is characterized by its opening demand; “The People Shall Govern!”
Selected Writing on the Freedom Charter, 1955 – 1983, 1985
8. The Constitution
South Africa’s 1996 Constitution is widely recognized as the crowning achievement of the country’s dramatic transition to democracy. The constitution is considered to be one of the most progressive constitutions in the world. Human rights are given clear prominence in the Constitution. They feature in the Preamble with its stated intention of establishing “a society based on democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights.”
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 2008.
9. The Free Nelson Mandela Campaign
Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison. The South African apartheid government received pressure from all over the world to release him from prison. The global efforts culminated in a 1988 international concert at Wembley Stadium in London, England where it was also broadcasted to 67 countries and to an audience of 600 million. Two years later Nelson Mandela was set free where he received a raucous welcome home.
Welcome Home Nelson Mandela pin, 1990.
Truth and Reconciliation
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was created to investigate gross human rights violations that were perpetrated during the period of the apartheid regime from 1960 to 1994, including abductions, killings, torture. Its mandate covered both violation by both the state and the liberation movements and allowed the commission to hold special hearings focused on specific sectors, institutions, and individuals. The TRC recorded and made public the details of a very painful past. The process of publicly acknowledging and confronting these details was a very necessary part of the process of healing the historic wounds. Controversially the TRC was empowered to grant amnesty to perpetrators who confessed their crimes truthfully and completely to the commission.
1. Nation Building
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission helped ease South Africa into the reconstruction and nation-building process and facilitated a smooth transition from apartheid rule to democracy. The first democratic elections, which were held peacefully and successfully in 1994, also made an important contribution to social cohesion and building a new national identity.
Ending Autocracy, Enabling Democracy: The Tribulations of Southern Africa, 1960-2000, 2002.
2. National Healing
When South Africa had its first all-race democratic election in April 1994, it took a step toward joining the community of democratic nations of the world. It also took the courageous and virtually unique step to examine its own violent past, reveal its ugly truths and move forward in a spirit of healing and reconciliation. The leaders of the new South Africa realized there would be no future for the country under majority rule without all its citizens having full knowledge of their violent past.
Political Forgiveness: Lessons from South Africa, 2004.
3. Remembering the Victims of Human Rights Abuses
One goal of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was to facilitate the “rehabilitation and the restoration of the human and civil dignity of victims of violations of human rights.” Through the public hearings undertaken by the Human Rights Violations Committee and the publishing of victims’ experiences, the Commission intended to restore voice and dignity to those previously marginalized. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 7, is a comprehensive listing of victims and the injustices suffered by each individual.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 7, 2002.
4. Public Hearings
An important feature of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was its openness and transparency. The public hearings held by the TRC ensured that South Africans were made aware of the atrocities that had been committed during the apartheid years. Pictured is one such public hearing.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 1, 2002.
5. Reparation
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission made detailed recommendations for a reparations program including financial, symbolic and community reparations. The Reparations and Rehabilitation Committee was mandated to identify victims and seek input regarding what types of reparations should be adopted and implemented. The commission proposed that each victim or family should receive approximately $3,500 USD each year for six years.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume 6, 2002.
6. National Identity and Democracy
“Rainbow Nation” is a term coined by Archbishop Desmond Tutu to describe post-apartheid South Africa. The phrase was elaborated upon by President Nelson Mandela in his first month of office, when he proclaimed: “Each of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld – a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world.” The term was intended to encapsulate the unity of multi-culturalism and the coming-together of people of many different nations, in a country once identified with the strict division of white and black.
Whiteness Just Isn’t What it used to be: White Identity in a Changing South Africa, 2001.
7. Race Relations
At the point of entering a democratic era, South Africa is dismantling its legally structured system of inequality. However, the societal structures that gave rise to, and nurtured a system of white privilege are tenacious and enduring.
We look at White people and we think Oh! My God! : The true story of two racist White men and the Apartheid Museum, 2011.
8. The Apartheid Museum
The Apartheid Museum, close to downtown Johannesburg, has a permanent exhibit covering the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
The Apartheid Museum Brochure.
9. Zapiro
South Africans have a wonderful sense of humor. Even at the worst of times, they find a way to laugh at what is going on around them. Zapiro, aka Johnathan Shapiro, is South Africa’s leading political cartoonist. His cartoons are widely published in some of the most important South African newspapers.
Criticism of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s work and final report came from many quarters. This comic strip by Zapiro, a notable South African political cartoonist, demonstrates the gulf between the people’s expectations for reconciliation and reality.
Political cartoon by Zapiro, 1997.
Heroes of the Struggle
There were many people, groups, and organizations that fought against and brought down the South African apartheid regime. These anti-apartheid heroes could be found in all sectors of society; the youths, women groups, labor unions, and civic groups, all had an important role to play in eradicating the evils of apartheid. The abolition of apartheid in South Africa would not have come about by Nelson Mandela’s work alone, without the initiative of the thousands of unsung heroes.
1. Lilian Ngoyi
“In the name of the women of South Africa we say to you that we are opposed to the pass system. We shall not rest until we have won for our children their freedom, justice and security.”
With these words, Lilian Ngoyi led twenty thousand women in an anti-pass protest to the Union Buildings. The protest took place on August 9, 1956, now commemorated by National Women’s Day.
Lilian Ngoyi, 1996.
2. Ruth First
Ruth First was an anti-apartheid activist, investigative journalist, and scholar. First worked her entire life to end apartheid in South Africa. Writing in 1969, she explained how her life was dedicated “to the liberation of Africa for I count myself an African, and there is no cause I hold dearer.”
Ruth First, 2012.
3. Oliver Tambo
Oliver Tambo (pictured) was a relentless spokesperson for the banned African National Congress in Europe. Tambo was sent overseas to mobilize resistance against apartheid. He settled in London where he and his family remained until 1990.
To Sweden from ANC, 1987.
4. Winnie Mandela
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, the former wife of the late Nelson Mandela is a national figure in her own right. While her husband was imprisoned she became the voice of the anti-apartheid movement. As antigovernment violence raged in the black townships, she appeared at rallies and funerals as a stand-in for her jailed husband, gaining the nickname of “Mother of the Nation.”
Winnie Mandela: L’ame noire de l’Afrique du Sud, 2007.
5. Miriam Makeba
Miriam Makeba, nicknamed Mama Africa, was a Grammy Award-winning South African singer and anti-apartheid activist. In the 1960s, she was the first artist from Africa to popularize African music around the world. Makeba campaigned vigorously against the South African apartheid regime. The South African government responded by revoking her passport in 1960 and her citizenship and right of return in 1963. As the apartheid system crumbled she returned home for the first time in 1990.
Darkroom: Photography and New Media in South Africa since 1950, 2009.
6. Living in Exile
Thousands of South African activists were forced into exile in the depths of the apartheid years. Some anti-apartheid leaders went into exile in Europe, places like England and Sweden, while others stayed in South Africa and pursued the fight domestically.
Prodigal Daughters: Stories of South African Women in Exile, 2012.
7. South Africa Nobel Peace Prize Laureates
Albert Luthuli was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the non-violent struggle against apartheid. Like Albert Luthuli, Desmond Tutu was honored in 1984 with the Peace Prize for his opposition to South Africa’s brutal apartheid regime. And, in 1993 Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize for leading South Africa through a successful democratic transition.
Strengths & Convictions: The Life and Times of the South African Nobel Peace Prize Laureates, 2009.
8. From Mandela to Zuma
Representing 20 years of democracy from Mandela’s era to today, this holographic poster transitinos between a photo of Nelson Mandela and current president Jacob Zuma. (Move side to side to see the transition effect.)
Poster, 2011.
9. Mandela: Global and Cultural Icon
Over the last 20 plus years, Nelson Mandela has transformed into a global and cultural icon. Mandela’s likeness can be found in all types of memorabilia. Here, we have Nelson Mandela’s likeness on a wall clock, on a pin, on a T-shirt, and beautifully crafted wooden figurines. The figurines are stylized in Nelson Mandela’s hugely popular dress shirts, the ‘Madiba’ shirts.
Wall clock, pin, t-shirt, wooden figurines
10. Oliver Tambo
Along with Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo formed the first black law firm in South Africa. Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela also together co-founded the congress’s youth league in 1944. After his death, the country’s busiest airport was renamed in his honor. Here, we have a commemorative plate with Oliver Tambo’s likeness.
Commemorative plate
South Africa Today: The Healing Power of Sport
South Africa has come a long way from being an international pariah state and today is a well respected country with one of the most progressive constitutions in the world. Nelson Mandela was able to lead his country through a relatively peaceful transition. He extolled the need for forgiveness and reconciliation and his legacy will be one of friendship and brotherhood. Mandela used his love of sports to reintroduce the world to his country.
1. 2010 Soccer World Cup
South Africa was the first African nation to host the hugely popular and global World Cup in 2010. (1) The iconic symbol of the 2010 World Cup was the vuvuzela, a plastic horn traditionally used at local soccer events. (2) The Makaraba, also made its international debut at the 2010 World Cup. The declarative helmet is a hand-cut and hand-painted hard hat worn by sports fans. The (3) Soccer player, (4) Soccer ball, (5) and replica of the World Cup trophy are just a few of the World Cup memorabilia found in South Africa.
Vuvuzela, Makaraba, Soccer player, Soccer ball, Replica of the World Cup trophy
2. Cape Town 2004 Olympic Bid
South Africa and the city of Cape Town submitted an unsuccessful bid to host the 2004 Olympics. The winning of the bid would have been significant because South Africa would have been the first African country to host the Olympic games. South Africa was out of Olympic competition from 1960 through 1988 because of the system of apartheid.
South Africa’s Commitment to Cape Town’s Bid.
3. South African Rugby
Rugby is considered the national sport by most white South Africans. South Africa is very proud of their national Rugby Team. During the apartheid years the national team encountered a great deal of protest and boycotts as they toured Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Today, there has been a concerted effort to bring in more black South Africans into the game. Bryan Habana (pictured) has helped change the perception and complexion of a predominantly all white sport.
SA Rugby Annual 2013, 2012.
4. Rugby World Cup Champions
In 2007, South Africa defeated England by 15-6 to win their second championship. The victory marked the Springboks’ return to international prominence (pictured, is the 2007 championship team). But, the bigger story was when South Africa defeated a heavily favored New Zealand team 15-12 in South Africa in 1995 as newly democratically elected president Nelson Mandela cheered the team to victory. This match inspired the major motion picture Invictus.
Champions of the World, 2007.
5. South African Cricket
As with rugby and soccer, South Africans love cricket. South African international cricket was suspended 1970 to 1991 due to the apartheid government policies. Since its return in 1991, the game has enjoyed a resurgence in the country.
Mutual & Federal SA Cricket Annual 2004, 2004.
6. Gautrain
The Gautrain was built prior to the 2010 World Cup to improve the rapid transit infrastructure in Gauteng Province which is considered to be the economic regional hub of southern Africa. The train connects the O. R. Tambo airport to Johannesburg’s northern suburbs and to Pretoria (pictured).
Guatrain map and transit card
7. HIV/AIDS Awareness
HIV/AIDS is the number one health concern in South Africa today. South Africa is believed to have more people with HIV/AIDS than any other country in the world. An estimated 5.6 million people were living with HIV and AIDS in South Africa in 2011 (UNAIDS 2012). (1) This handmade Ndebele doll is used to promote and assist with raising funds for AIDS awareness and health care. (2) There are several nonprofit organizations, such as Wola Nani, that assist people with HIV and AIDS to earn an income through craft works. The sale of this papier mâché bowl, made from the labels of pilchard cans, and similar crafts help people live a dignified life. (3) This HIV awareness poster is part of a comprehensive campaign from the University of Cape Town. It calls attention to the fact that HIV does not discriminate.
