view 7

PRACTICAL    BIOLOGY    LEARNING    PROGRAM

FOR  SECONDARY   STUDENTS

FORM   FOUR     AND   SIX     2015

program  hii   imetengenezwa  maalumu  kwa  wanafunzi   wa  kidato  cha  nne  na sita,

program   zimeandaliwa  zikiwa  na  maelekezo kamili  katika  practical  husika, hivyo  mwanafunzi  atasoma  maelekezo  hayo  na  kufanya  practical.

ripoti  ya  mwanafunzi  lazima  ionyeshe  matokeo  halisi  ya  jaribio  alilofanya.  pia  azingatie  matumizi  sahihi  ya  tenses   katika  kuandika   taarifa  hiyo..... mwanafunzi  ataandika   solution  alizotumia,  jaribio  analofanya  na  mengineyo,   na  ripoti  ya  mwanafunzi itaweza  kuandikwa  kama  ifuatavyo:

kujua  zaidi  namna  ya  kuandika  ripoti  onana  na  mwalimu   wako  wa  darasa

BONYEZA  LINK  ZIFUATAZO  KUPAKUA    WORK  SHEET  KISHA  FUATA  MAELEKEZO.      JIFUNZE  NA   ELEWA  KWA  UNDANI

---

ALL  FILES  TYPE.........WORD DOCUMENT.

Food tests Reagent for food tests and enzymes Reagent for food tests and enzymes 1 Test for starch Using iodine solution 1. Test for starch 2 Test for glucose Using Benedict’s reagent 2. Test for glucose 3 Test for protein The biuret reaction 3. Test for protein 4 Test for lipid The emulsion test 4. Test for fats 5 How sensitive is the starch test? A serial dilution of starch solution is tested with iodine 5.01 How sensitive is the iodine test? 5.02 Discussion 5.03 Discussion - answers 5.04 How sensitive is the iodine test? - preparation All zipped 6 Testing food for starch Samples of different foods are tested with iodine solution 6.01 Testing food for starch 6.02 Discussion 6.03 Discussion - answers 6.04 Testing food for starch - preparation All zipped 7 A comparison of vitamin C content The volumes of fruit juices needed to decolourise DCPIP are measured 7.01 Comparison of vitamin C content 7.02 Discussion 7.03 Discussion - answers 7.04 Comparison of vitamin content - preparation All zipped Back to top Enzymes Reagent for food tests and enzymes Reagent for food tests and enzymes 1 Effect of amylase on starch Disappearance of blue colour from starch solution plus iodine 1.01 Effect of amylase on starch 1.02 Discussion 1.03 Discussion - answers 1.04 Effect of amylase on starch - preparation All zipped 2 Effect of temperature Timing the disappearance of the blue colour at different temperatures 2.01 Effect of temperature 2.02 Discussion 2.03 Discussion - answers 2.04 Effect of temperature - preparation All zipped 3 Effect of pH Timing the disappearance of blue colour at different pH values 3.01 Effect of pH 3.02 Discussion 3.03 Discussion - answers 3.04 Effect of pH - preparation All zipped 4 Catalase Liver and yeast are used to decompose hydrogen peroxide 4.01 Catalase 4.02 Discussion 4.03 Catalase - preparation All zipped 5 Effect of enzyme concentration Increasing strengths of urease are used to produce ammonia from urea 5.01 Effect of enzyme concentration 5.02 Discussion 5.03 Discussion - answers 5.04 Effect of enzyme concentration - preparation All zipped 6 Enzymes in maize fruits Maize fruits are sectioned and placed on starch-agar. Iodine solution reveals clear areas of starch-agar under the fruit 6.01 Starch-digesting enzymes in maize 6.02 Discussion 6.03 Discussion - answers 6.04 Enzymes in maize fruits - preparation All zipped Back to top Respiration 1 Oxygen uptake The inability of air from germinating seeds to support combustion 1.01 Oxygen uptake 1.02 Discussion 1.03 Discussion - answers 1.04 Oxygen uptake - preparation All zipped 2 Carbon dioxide output The gas from germinating seeds turns limewater milky 2.01 Carbon dioxide output 2.02 Discussion 2.03 Discussion - answers 2.04 Carbon dioxideoutput - preparation All zipped 3 Exhaled air (1) The last fraction of exhaled air will not support combustion 3.01 Exhaled air (1) 3.02 Discussion 3.03 Discussion - answers 3.04 Exhaled air (1) - preparation All zipped 4 Exhaled air (2) Atmospheric air and exhaled air are bubbled simultaneously through limewater 4.01 Exhaled air (2) 4.02 Discussion 4.03 Discussion - answers 4.04 Exhaled air (2) - preparation All zipped 5 Respiration in living organisms A manometer reveals uptake of oxygen by germinating seeds Introduction to experiments on respiration 5.01 Respiration in living organisms 5.02 Discussion 5.03 Discussion - answers 5.04 Respiration in living organisms - preparation All zipped 6 Anaerobic respiration The gas produced by a yeast suspension from which air is excluded turns limewater milky 6.01 Anaerobic respiration 6.02 Discussion 6.03 Discussion - answers 6.04 Anaerobic respiration - preparation All zipped 7 Energy release during respiration Germinating wheat is packed into vacuum flasks to see if there is any rise in temperature over a few days 7.01 Energy release in respiration 7.02 Discussion 7.03 Discussion - answers 7.04 Energy release in respiration - preparation All zipped 8 Changes in mass during germination Wheat is germinated for about two weeks. Samples are taken at 2-day intervals, dried and weighed 8.01 Changes in mass during germination 8.02 Changes in mass during germination - preparation 8.03 Discussion - answers All zipped 9 Measuring the uptake of oxygen The respirometer is used to measure the uptake of oxygen in living organisms 9.01 Measuring the uptake of oxygen 9.02 Discussion 9.03 Discussion - answers 9.04 Measuring the uptake of oxygen - preparation All zipped 10 Temperature effect on respiration The oxygen uptake of living organisms at different temperatures is measured with the respirometer 10.01 Temperature effect on respiration 10.02 Discussion 10.03 Discussion - answers 10.04 Temperature effect on respiration - preparation All zipped 11 Oxygen uptake in blowfly larvae The oxygen uptake of blowfly larvae is measured over a 20 minute period. The air in the respirometer is then renewed and the rate of oxygen uptake compared 11.01 Oxygen uptake in blowfly larvae 11.02 Discussion 11.03 Discussion - answers 11.04 Oxygen uptake in blowfly larvae - preparation All zipped 12 The effect of temperature on fermentation rate The respirometer is used to measure the rate of carbon dioxide production from a suspension of yeast in glucose solution at different temperatures 12.01 Temperature and fermentation rate 12.02 Discussion 12.03 Discussion - answers 12.04 Temperature and fermentation rate - preparation All zipped Back to top Photosynthesis Introduction to experiments on Photosynthesis 1 Production of gas by pondweed Bubbles escape from the cut stems of Canadian pondweed when illuminated Introduction 1.01 Production of gas by pondweed 1.02 Discussion 1.03 Discussion - answers 1.04 Production of gas by pondweed - preparation All zipped 2 Testing a leaf for starch The technique of killing and decolourising a leaf and testing it with iodine solution 2.01 Testing a leaf for starch 2.02 Discussion 2.03 Discussion - answers 2.04 Testing a leaf for starch - preparation All zipped 3 The need for light Light is excluded from part of a leaf which is tested for starch after a period of illumination 3.01 The need for light /Discussion 3.02 Discussion - answers 3.03 The need for light - preparation All zipped 4 The need for chlorophyll A variegated leaf is tested for starch after a period of illumination 4.01 The need for chlorophyll/ Discussion 4.02 Discussion - answers 4.03 The need for chlorophyll - preparation All zipped 5 The need for carbon dioxide A potted plant is enclosed in a plastic bag from which carbon dioxide has been absorbed.one of its leaves is tested for starch after a period of illumination 5.01 The need for carbon dioxide 5.02 Discussion 5.03 Discussion - answers 5.04 the need for carbon dioxide - preparation All zipped 6 Collecting the gas from pondweed The cut end of a Canadian pondweed shoot is placed in a water-filled test tube. The gas is collected and tested for oxygen 6.01 Collecting the gas from pondweed 6.02 Discussion 6.03 Discussion - answers 6.04 Collecting the gas from pondweed - preparation All zipped 7 Gaseous exchange in leaves Leaves are enclosed in test-tubes containing hydrogencarbonate indicator. The tubes are illuminated or darkened 7.01 Gaseous exchange in leaves 7.02 Discussion 7.03 Discussion - answers 7.04 Gaseous exchange in leaves - preparation All zipped 8 Gaseous exchange in pond-weed Leaves are enclosed in test-tubes containing hydrogencarbonate indicator. The tubes are illuminated or darkened 8.01 Gaseous exchange in pond-weed 8.02 Discussion 8.03 Discussion - answers 8.04 Gaseous exchange in pond-weed - preparation All zipped 9 The need for mineral elements Wheat seedlings are grown for two weeks in water cultures lacking essential elements 9.01 The need for mineral elements 9.02 Discussion 9.03 Discussion - answers 9.04 The need for mineral elements - preparation 9.05 Water cultures All zipped Back to top Diffusion 1 Diffusion in gases Diffusion of ammonia is observed in a glass tube using litmus paper 1.01 Diffusion in gases 1.02 Discussion 1.03 Discussion - answers 1.04 Diffusion in gases - preparation All zipped 2 Diffusion in liquid Diffusion of methylene blue through gelatine is observed 2.01 Diffusion in liquid 2.02 Discussion 2.03 Discussion - answers 2.04 Diffusion in liquid - preparation All zipped 3 Diffusion and size Different size blocks of gelatine mixed with cresol red are immersed in acid to see the progress of the acid through the gelatine 3.01 Diffusion and size 3.02 Discussion 3.03 Discussion - answers 3.04 Diffusion and size - preparation All zipped 4 Diffusion through a membrane A dialysis tube filled with starch solution is immersed in iodine solution 4.01 Diffusion through a membrane 4.02 Discussion 4.03 Discussion - answers 4.04 Diffusion through a membrane - preparation All zipped 5 Control of diffusion Beetroot discs are heated at increasing temperatures to illustrate the control on diffusion by the cell membrane 5.01 Control of diffusion 5.02 Discussion 5.03 Discussion - answers 5.04 Control of diffusion - preparation All zipped 6 Two-way diffusion Ammonia diffuses into gelatine coloured with cresol red which diffuses in the opposite direction 6.01 Two-way diffusion in a liquid 6.02 Discussion 6.03 Discussion - answers 6.04 Two-way diffusion - preparation All zipped Back to top Osmosis 1 Osmosis An osmometer made from dialysis tubing and a capillary tube shows osmosis happening 1.01 Osmosis 1.02 Discussion 1.03 Discussion - answers 1.04 Osmosis - preparation All zipped 2 Selective permeability Dialysis tubing containing starch and glucose solutions is immersed in water 2.01 Selective permeability 2.02 Discussion 2.03 Discussion - answers 2.04 Selective permeability - preparation All zipped 3 Turgor A length of dialysis tube is partly filled with a syrup solution and immersed in water 3.01 Turgor 3.02 Discussion 3.03 Discussion - answers 3.04 Turgor - preparation All zipped 4 Turgor in plant tissue Strips of dandelion stalk are immersed in salt solutions of differing strength and changes in curvature observed 4.01 Turgor in a dandelion stalk 4.02 Discussion 4.03 Discussion - answers 4.04 Turgor in a dandelion stalk - preparation All zipped 5 Turgor in potato tissue Cylinders of potato tissue are immersed in solutions of differing strength and changes in length are measured 5.01 Turgor in potato tissue 5.02 Discussion 5.03 Discussion - answers 5.04 Turgor in potato tissue - preparation All zipped 6 Root pressure Glass tubes are fitted to the cut branches of a potted plant. The levels of liquid in each tube are observed 6.01 Root pressure 6.02 Root pressure - preparation All zipped 7 Stomatal movements Leaf epidermis is irrigated with salt solution to see its effect on guard cells 7.01 Stomatal movements 7.02 Discussion 7.03 Discussion - answers 7.04 Stomatal movements - preparation All zipped 8 Plasmolysis Red epidermis from rhubarb petiole is irrigated with sucrose solution and observed under the microscope 8.01 Plasmolysis 8.02 Discussion 8.03 Discussion - answers 8.04 Plasmolysis - preparation All zipped 9 Surface area and osmosis Potato cubes with equal volume but different surface area are immersed in water and weighed 8.01 Surface area and osmosis 8.02 Discussion 8.03 Discussion - answers 8.04 Surface area and osmosis - preparation All zipped

Human senses 1 Reaction time The distance a vertical ruler falls before being gripped is converted to a time interval 1.01 Reaction time 1.02 Discussion 1.03 Discussion - answers 1.04 Reaction time - preparation All zipped 2a The blind spot (1) A dot seems to disappear when its image falls on the blind spot 2b The blind spot (2) A gap in a line is 'filled in' when its image falls on the blind spot 2.01 The blind spot (a) & (b) 2.02 Discussion - answers All zipped 3 Inversion of the image When a pin is viewed via a pinhole in front of the pin, its image appears to be inverted 3.01 Inversion of the image 3.02 Discussion & preparation All zipped 4a The iris diaphragm (1) The iris is observed to reduce the size of the pupil when the eye is exposed to light 4b The iris diaphragm (2) (Broca's pupillometer) A pattern of pinholes appears to change when one eye is exposed to light 4.01 Iris diaphragm (1) & (2) 4.02 Discussion - answers & preparation 4.03 Ray diagram for pupillometer All zipped 5 Retinal capillaries By moving a pinhole about in front of the eye, an image of retinal capillaries appears 5.01 Retinal capillaries 5.02 Discussion - answers & preparation All zipped 6a Binocular vision: eye dominance A pencil lined up with a window frame appears to 'jump' when the dominant eye is closed 6b Binocular vision: double vision Slight pressure on one eyeball causes a single object to appear as a double image 6.01 Binocular vision (a) and (b) 6.02 Discussion - answers All zipped 7 Judgement of distance The space sequence of coloured pinheads is judged using either one or both eyes 7.01 Judgement of distance 7.02 Discussion & preparation All zipped 8 Eye and hand co-ordination A star pattern is traced while looking in a mirror 8.01 Eye and hand co-ordination 8.02 Discussion 8.03 Discussion - answers 8.04 Eye and hand co-ordination - preparation All zipped 9 Perception Two shapes are observed, and demonstrate that the brain makes an interpretation of the image 9.01 Perception 10 Sensitivity of the skin to touch Different areas of skin are tested with light touch to see if there are differences in reponse 10.01 Sensitivity of the skin to touch 10.02 Discussion 10.03 Discussion - answers 10.04 Sensitivity to touch - preparation All zipped 11 Recognition of separate stimuli (Spatial discrimination) Different areas of skin are tested with a 'hairpin' to see if they can discriminate a double touch from a single touch 11.01 Recognition of separate stimuli 11.02 Discussion 11.03 Discussion - answers 11.04 Recognition of stimuli - preparation All zipped 12 Sensitivity to temperature One finger is placed in hot water and another in cold water. Both are then placed in warm water and the sensations compared 12.01 Sensitivity to temperature 12.02 Discussion and preparation All zipped 13 Location of stimuli A marble is rolled between crossed fingers to give the sensation of two marbles 13.01 Location of stimuli 13.02 Discussion - answers & preparation All zipped Back to top Transport in plants 1 Uptake and evaporation in leaves The uptake of water by single leaves is measured after coating either, neither or both surfaces with Vaseline 1.01 Uptake and evaporation in leaves 1.02 Discussion 1.03 Discussion - answers 1.04 Uptake and evaporation in leaves - preparation All zipped 2 Uptake of water by shoots The uptake of water by a shoot is measured, using a potometer 2.01 Uptake of water by shoots 2.02 Discussion 2.03 Discussion - answers 2.04 Uptake of water by shoots - preparation All zipped 3 Rates of transpiration The potometer is used in different conditions to compare rates of uptake by the shoot 3.01 Rates of transpiration 3.02 Discussion 3.03 Discussion - answers 3.04 Rates of transpiration - preparation All zipped 4 Rate of transpiration and water uptake By weighing the shoot and potometer, the uptake and loss of water are compared 4.01 Rate of transpiration and water uptake 4.02 Discussion 4.03 Discussion - answers 4.04 Rate of transpiration and water uptake - preparation All zipped 5 Uptake of water by an uprooted plant The potometer is modified to accept a whole plant rather than a cut shoot 5.01 Uptake of water by an uprooted plant 5.02 Discussion 5.03 Discussion - answers 5.04 Uptake of water by an uprooted plant - preparation All zipped 6 Conditions affecting evaporation A simple atmometer is used to investigate the effects of different atmospheric conditions on the rate of evaporation 6.01 Conditions affecting evaporation 6.02 Discussion 6.03 Discussion - answers 6.04 Conditions affecting evaporation - preparation All zipped 7 Water tension in the stem The lower end of the potometer is placed in mercury, which is pulled up the capillary by the transpiration force 7.01 Water tension in the stem 7.02 Water tension in the stem - preparation All zipped 8 Pathways for gases in a leaf A leaf is immersed in hot water to expand and force out any air inside it 8.01 Pathways for gases in a leaf 8.02 Pathways for gases in a leaf - preparation All zipped 9 Evaporation from the leaf surface Evaporation from the upper and lower leaf surface is compared and correlated with the distribution of stomata 9.01 Evaporation from the leaf surface 9.02 Discussion 9.03 Discussion - answers 9.04 Evaporation from the leaf surface - preparation All zipped 10 To collect and identify the product of transpiration The shoot of a plant is enclosed in a plastic bag. The liquid which condenses is identified 10.01 To collect and identify the product of transpiration 10.02 To collect and identify the product of transpiration - preparation All zipped 11 To trace the path of water through a shoot Shoots are placed in a dye in order to investigate the route it takes through the stem and leaves 11.01 To trace the pathway of water through a shoot 11.02 To trace the pathway of water through a shoot - preparation All zipped 12 Conducting pathways through the shoot A syringe is used to force air through a shoot held under water, Air bubbles show the continuity of the vessels 12.01 Conducting pathways in the shoot 12.02 Discussion 12.03 Discussion - answers 12.04 Conducting pathways in the shoot - preparation All zipped 13 Measuring the transpiration rate of a potted plant Two potted plants, one in sunlight and one in shadow are weighed at intervals 13.01 Measuring the transpiration rate of a potted plant 13.02 Measuring the transpiration rate of a potted plant - preparation All zipped 14 Measuring the transpiration rate of an uprooted plant Two flasks of water are weighed at intervals. One of them contains a plant 14.01 Measuring the transpiration rate of an uprooted plant 14.02 Measuring the transpiration rate of an uprooted plant - preparation All zipped Back to top Germination and tropisms Introduction Introduction Resources list Germination times - peas and wheat Germination times - sunflower and maize Germination times - French bean All zipped 1 The need for oxygen Cress seeds are sown on moist cotton wool in 2 flasks one of which contains pyrogallic acid and sodium hydroxide 1.01 Need for oxygen 1.02 Discussion 1.03 Discussion - answers 1.04 Need for oxygen - preparation All zipped 2 Effect of temperature Maize fruits are germinated in moist blotting paper at different temperatures 2.01 Effect of temperature 2.02 Discussion 2.03 Discussion - answers 2.04 Effect of temperature - preparation All zipped 3 The need for water Seeds are left in moist, dry and waterlogged conditions for a week 3.01 Need for water 3.02 Discussion answers and preparation All zipped 4 The role of cotyledons Runner bean embryos attached to varying amounts of cotyledon are germinated on moist blotting paper in jars 4.01 Role of cotyledons 4.02 Discussion 4.03 Discussion - answers 4.04 Role of cotyledons - preparation All zipped 5 Use of food reserves in germination Coleoptiles and endosperm of cereal seedlings and grains are tested for starch and sugar 5.01 Use of food reserves 5.02 Discussion 5.03 Discussion - answers 5.04 Use of food reserves - preparation All zipped 6 Geotropism in radicles Pea seedlings are pinned to a clinostat, or a stationary base, with their radicles horizontal 6.01 Geotropism in radicles 6.02 Discussion 6.03 Discussion - answers 6.04 Geotropism in radicles - preparation All zipped 7 The region of growth and response in radicles Radicles are marked with equidistant lines and left horizontally or vertically for two days 7.01 Region of growth and response in radicles 7.02 Discussion 7.03 Discussion - answers 7.04 Region of growth and response in radicles - preparation All zipped 8 Region of detection and response to one-sided gravity in radicles Different lengths of root tip are excised to see if the radicles still grow and respond to gravity 8.01 Detection of unilateral gravity 8.02 Discussion 8.03 Discussion - answers 8.04 Detection of unilateral gravity - preparation All zipped 9 The effect of one-sided lighting on shoots Hypocotyls of sunflower seedlings are marked and illuminated from one side 9.01 One-sided lighting on shoots 9.02 Discussion 9.03 Discussion - answers 9.04 One-sided lighting on shoots - preparation All zipped 10 The effect of one-sided lighting on cress seedlings Cress seedlings, some of which are decapitated, are illuminated from the side or from above 10.01 One-sided lighting on cress 10.02 Discussion 10.03 Discussion - answers 10.04 One-sided lighting on cress - preparation All zipped 11 The region of detection and response to one-sided lighting in coleoptiles Coleoptiles of wheat seedlings, some covered by foil caps, some decapitated, are illuminated from the side 11.01 Region of detection and response 11.02 Discussion 11.03 Discussion - answers 11.04 Region of detection and response - preparation All zipped 12 Effect of indoleacetic acid on coleoptiles Indoleacetic acid in lanolin is applied to intact coleoptiles. A control is conducted with plain lanolin 12.01 Effect of IAA on coleoptiles 12.02 Discussion 12.03 Discussion - answers 12.04 Effect of IAA on coleoptiles - preparation All zipped 13 The effect of indoleacetic acid on wheat coleoptiles The tips of the coleoptiles of wheat seedlings are removed and IAA in lanolin applied. Controls are conducted with plain lanolin, untreated cut coleoptiles and intact coleoptiles 13.01 IAA on wheat coleoptiles 13.02 Discussion 13.03 Discussion - answers 13.04 IAA on wheat coleoptiles - preparation All zipped 14 Effect of indoleacetic acid on maize coleoptiles Indoleacetic acid in lanolin is applied to one side of a maize coleoptile. A control with plain lanolin is included 14.01 IAA on maize coleoptiles 14.02 Discussion answers and preparation All zipped 15 The effect of light on shoots Pea seedlings are grown for a week in light or darkness and their shoots compared 15.01 Effect of light on shoots 15.02 Discussion answers and preparation 15.03 Illustrations All zipped 16 Respiratory activity in maize seedlings Maize grains and seedlings are immersed in tetrazolium chloride solution for 30 minutes 16.01 Respiratory activity in maize 16.02 Discussion answers and preparation program  imeandaliwa  na  education blog  kwa  msaada  wa:  biologyresources.com haki  zote  zimehifadhiwa support :   0656-848274